@InProceedings{courtright:backward,
  author = {William V. {Courtright II} and Garth A. Gibson},
  title = {Backward Error Recovery in Redundant Disk Arrays},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Twentieth International Conference for the
  Resource Management and Performance Evaluation of Enterprise Computing
  Systems (CMG)},
  year = {1994},
  month = {December},
  pages = {63--74},
  earlier = {courtright:backward-tr},
  URL = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/project/pdl/ftp/RAID/CMG94paper.ps},
  keywords = {parallel I/O, disk array, RAID, redundancy, reliability,
  recovery, pario-bib},
  abstract = {Redundant disk arrays are single fault tolerant, incorporating a
  layer of error handling not found in nonredundant disk systems. Recovery from
  these errors is complex, due in part to the large number of erroneous states
  the system may reach. The established approach to error recovery in disk
  systems is to transition directly from an erroneous state to completion. This
  technique, known as forward error recovery, relies upon the context in which
  an error occurs to determine the steps required to reach completion, which
  implies forward error recovery is design specific. Forward error recovery
  requires the enumeration of all erroneous states the system may reach and the
  construction of a forward path from each erroneous state. We propose a method
  of error recovery which does not rely upon the enumeration of erroneous
  states or the context in which errors occur. When an error is encountered, we
  advocate mechanized recovery to an error-free state from which an operation
  may be retried. Using a form of backward error recovery, we are able to
  manage the complexity of error recovery in redundant disk arrays without
  sacrificing performance.},
  comment = {Also available in HTML format at
  http://www.cs.cmu.edu/Web/Groups/PDL/HTML-Papers/CMG94/c.fm.html.}
}